Hansberrys Hope for America Through A Raisin in the Sun - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 920 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/04/02 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: A Raisin in the Sun Essay Did you like this example? Racism is not a new issue by any means. It has been plaguing humanity since its beginnings. Societies of all cultures and from all corners of the world have experienced racism. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Hansberrys Hope for America Through A Raisin in the Sun" essay for you Create order America, a country that claims to be one of the most civilized, has dealt with discrimination on a huge scale. Minority groups in America have struggled for equal opportunities and the rights and treatment of first-class citizens. African Americans, more than any other ethnicity, have suffered under the power of white Americans. It all started when their ancestors were forcedly sailed to America as enslaved workers and were treated violently and unfairly. They were perceived to be uncivilized and non-human, so the superior whites can force them to serve them (Nowrouzi, Faghfori, Zohdi, 2269). In response to this discrimination, many African American public figures, artists, and writers used their influence to help fight against their oppressors. One of these people was a young woman named Lorraine Hansberry. Hansberry was an African-American playwright and writer. She wrote her most well-known piece, A Raisin in the Sun, about the unfortunate lifestyles of black American in the ghett os of Chicago. This play, however, does not just wallow in the depressing state of American society. In Loraine Hansberrys play A Raisin in the Sun, Hansberry depicts a future of hope regarding racism in America. Hansberry used her play to urge her fellow black Americans to fight against societys oppression. Lorraine Hansberry was born on May 19th, 1930 in Chicago Illinois. Her father, Carl Hansberry, founded the Lake Street Bank, which was one of the first banks for blacks in Chicago. He also owned a successful real estate business. Despite being comfortable members of the middle class, the Hansberry family still faced a lot of discrimination. In the summer of 1937, the Hansberrys moved into a house in a white neighborhood. Their new neighbors responded by forming a mob to convince them to leave their new house. The family got the mob to break up, with the help of a shotgun. The community then took another approach. They said the Hansberry family legally could not occupy any residence in any neighborhood covered by a race restrictive covenant. Lorraines father took the case to the supreme court. Lorraine Hansberry later recalled her desperate and courageous mother, patrolling the house all night with a loaded German luger, doggedly guarding her four children, while her father fought the respectable part of the battle in the Washington court (Gordon, 121). The case, Hansberry vs. Lee, was ruled in favor of the Hansberry family and they were able to keep their house. It wasnt until ten years later that the Supreme Court declared the race restrictive covenant to be unconstitutional. Hansberrys play, A Raisin in the Sun, is greatly based off of her own experiences as a child and a young adult. Hansberry noted similarities between her mother and Mama Younger and between her father and Big Walter. The characters Ruth and Walter Lee are based off of Hansberrys two brothers and her sister. In an interview, Hansberry laughingly said Beneatha is me, eight years ago (Liberman, 206). By using the experiences of racism she faced, Hansberrys writing persuaded people to fight against three specific kinds of discrimination: housing discrimination, unfair work opportunities, and unequal education opportunities. Hansberry had hope that if people worked together to face these obstacles, then they could be overcome. In the early 1900s, thousands of African Americans migrated north to try and escape the prejudicial treatment of the south. Mama describes this to Walter Lee saying, in my time we was worried about not being lynched and getting to the North if we could and how to stay alive and still have a pinch of dignity too (Hansberry, 76). When they got to the north, however, finding a decent place to live was a struggle. Most renters preferred to rent to white families. Black families would be threatened with violence when they tried to escape the ghettos. The ghettos where they were forced to live were overpriced, overcrowded and dirty. The Younger apartment was described as having furniture that has clearly had to accommodate the living of too many people for too many years and is tired. The carpet was worn down and falling apart, showing its weariness, with depressing uniformity (Hansberry, 26). The Younger family was also forced to spray down the walls with insecticides weekly, and at one point, Travis even kills a rat that was as big as a cat (Hansberry, 61). These descriptions show the reality of black live in the ghettos. There were rarely any visits from the landlords, and extremely minimal funding from the government. Despite the horrendous conditions that these families were forced to live in, they were still forced to pay extremely high prices. Landlords knew they could get away with charging black families outrageous prices as they really did not have another place to go. While a white family could rent a five-room apartment for $60 a month in Cicero, for example, a black South Side family of four could pay $56 per month to live in one half of a two-room flat, infested with rats and roaches, and even well into the 1960s, without electricity or hot water (Nowrouzi, Faghfori, Zohdi, 2273). To escape these issues, Mama finds a house for the Younger family in Clybourne Park. The problem was, this was a white community. The Youngers knew they would not be welcome. Hansberry did not write the story so that the characters just gave up. This was a situation that she herself had experienced.

Formulas of Common Acids and Bases

Acids and bases are used in many chemical reactions. They are responsible for most color change reaction and are used to adjust the pH of chemical solutions. Here are the names of some of the common acids and bases and the formulas associated with them. Formulas of  Binary Acids A binary compound consists of two elements. Binary acids have the prefix hydro in front of the full name of the nonmetallic element. They have the ending -ic. Examples include hydrochloric, and hydrofluoric acid includes: Hydrofluoric Acid - HFHydrochloric Acid - HClHydrobromic Acid - HBrHydroiodic Acid - HIHydrosulfuric Acid - H2S Formulas of Ternary Acids Ternary acids commonly contain hydrogen, a nonmetal, and oxygen. The name of the most common form of the acid consists of the nonmetal root name with the -ic ending.  The acid containing one less oxygen atom than the most common form is designated by the -ous ending. An acid containing one less oxygen atom than the -ous acid has the prefix hypo- and the -ous ending. The acid containing one more oxygen than the most common acid has the per- prefix and the -ic ending. Nitric Acid  - HNO3Nitrous Acid - HNO2Hypochlorous Acid - HClOChlorous Acid - HClO2Chloric Acid - HClO3Perchloric Acid - HClO4Sulfuric Acid - H2SO4Sulfurous Acid  - H2SO3Phosphoric Acid - H3PO4Phosphorous Acid - H3PO3Carbonic Acid - H2CO3Acetic Acid - HC2H3O2Oxalic Acid - H2C2O4Boric Acid - H3BO3Silicic Acid - H2SiO3 Formulas of Common Bases Here are the formulas for 11 common bases: Sodium Hydroxide  - NaOHPotassium Hydroxide - KOHAmmonium Hydroxide - NH4OHCalcium Hydroxide - Ca(OH)2Magnesium Hydroxide - Mg(OH)2Barium Hydroxide - Ba(OH)2Aluminum Hydroxide - Al(OH)3Ferrous Hydroxide or Iron (II) Hydroxide - Fe(OH)2Ferric Hydroxide or Iron (III) Hydroxide - Fe(OH)3Zinc Hydroxide - Zn(OH)2Lithium Hydroxide - LiOH

Medieval Ireland the Coming of the Normans, 1167â€1185 Free Essays

By the 12th century, Ireland was divided politically into a shifting hierarchy of petty kingdoms and over-kingdoms. Power was concentrated into the hands of a few regional dynasties contending against each other for control of the whole island. The Northern Ui Neill ruled much of what is now Ulster. We will write a custom essay sample on Medieval Ireland the Coming of the Normans, 1167–1185 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Their kinsmen, the Southern Ui Neill, were Kings of Brega (Meath). The kingship of Leinster was held by the dynamic Ui Cheinnselaigh dynasty. A new kingdom rose between Leinster and Munster, Osraige, ruled by the family of Mac Giolla Phadraig. Munster was nominally controlled by the Mac Cartaig, who were however in reality often subject to the Ui Bhriain of Thomond. North of Thomond, Connacht’s supreme rulers were the Ui Chonchubhair. After losing the protection of Tyrone Chief, Muirchertach MacLochlainn, High King of Ireland, who died in 1166, Dermot MacMurrough (Irish Diarmait Mac Murchada) , was forcibly exiled by a confederation of Irish forces under the new High King, Rory O’Connor. Diarmait fled first to Bristol and then to Normandy. He sought and obtained permission from Henry II of England to use the latter’s subjects to regain his kingdom. By 1167 MacMurrough had obtained the services of Maurice Fitz Gerald and later persuaded Rhys ap Gruffydd Prince of Deheubarth to release Maurice’s half-brother Robert Fitz-Stephen from captivity to take part in the expedition. Most importantly he obtained the support of the Earl of Pembroke Richard de Clare, known as Strongbow. The first Norman knight to land in Ireland was Richard fitz Godbert de Roche in 1167, but it was not until 1169 that the main forces of Normans, Welsh and Flemings landed in Wexford. Within a short time Leinster was regained, Waterford and Dublin were under Diarmait’s control, and he had Strongbow as a son-in-law, and named him as heir to his kingdom. This latter development caused consternation to King Henry II of England, who feared the establishment of a rival Norman state in Ireland. Accordingly, he resolved to visit Leinster to establish his authority. The Papal Bull and Henry’s invasion: Pope Adrian IV (the first English Pope, in one of his earliest acts) had already issued a Papal Bull in 1155, giving Henry authority to invade Ireland as a means of curbing ecclesiastical orruption and abuses. Little contemporary use, however, was made of the Bull Laudabiliter since its text enforced papal suzerainty not only over the island of Ireland but of all islands off of the European coast, including England, in virtue of the Constantinian donation. The relevant text reads: â€Å"There is indeed no doubt, as thy Highness doth also acknowledge, that Ire land and all other islands which Christ the Sun of Righteousness has illumined, and which have received the doctrines of the Christian faith, belong to the jurisdiction of St. Peter and of the holy Roman Church†. References to Laudabiliter become more frequent in the later Tudor period when the researches of the renaissance humanist scholars cast doubt on the historicity of the Donation of Constantine. Henry landed with a large fleet at Waterford in 1171, becoming the first King of England to set foot on Irish soil. Both Waterford and Dublin were proclaimed Royal Cities. Adrian’s successor, Pope Alexander III ratified the grant of Irish lands to Henry in 1172. Henry awarded his Irish territories to his younger son John with the title Dominus Hiberniae (â€Å"Lord of Ireland†). When John unexpectedly succeeded his brother as King John, the â€Å"Kingdom of Ireland† fell directly under the English Crown. Henry was happily acknowledged by most of the Irish Kings, who saw in him a chance to curb the expansion of both Leinster and the Hiberno-Normans. This led to the ratification of the Treaty of Windsor (1175) between Henry and Ruaidhri. However, with both Diarmuid and Strongbow dead (in 1171 and 1176), Henry back in England and Ruaidhri unable to curb his nominal vassals, within two years it was not worth the vellum it was inscribed upon. John de Courcy invaded and gained much of east Ulster in 1177, Raymond le Gros had already captured Limerick and much of north Munster, while the other Norman families such as Prendergast, fitz Stephen, fitz Gerald, fitz Henry and le Poer were actively carving out virtual kingdoms for themselves. How to cite Medieval Ireland the Coming of the Normans, 1167–1185, Papers